# Research Results
---
## Query

Coral Reef

## Summary

## Summary

### Introduction to Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems characterized by reef-building corals, covering only 1% of the ocean floor but supporting an estimated 25% of all marine life. They are the most biodiverse marine ecosystem in the world, occupying less than 0.1% of the earth’s surface, yet providing a home for at least 25% of all marine species.

### Characteristics and Formation
Coral reefs form at depths not exceeding 25 metres and need warm water between 20 to 28 degrees Celsius. They can be found at depths ranging from just a couple of inches from the surface down to 100 feet (30 meters), with some formations exhibiting coral growth beyond 40 meters in depth. Over millions of years, coral reefs can form around a sinking volcano, creating a lagoon and a barrier reef.

### Biodiversity and Ecosystem
A coral reef ecosystem refers to the range of organisms living in and around coral reefs. Coral reefs are home to over 4,000 species of fish and 1 million aquatic species, including commercially harvested fish species. They provide habitat, feeding, spawning, and nursery grounds for various organisms. The coral reef ecosystem includes a diverse range of organisms such as fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, tunicates, and other cnidarians.

### Importance and Benefits
Coral reefs provide crucial benefits including food, protection, and jobs for millions of people worldwide. They serve as a natural barrier against waves, storms, and floods, preventing loss of life, property damage, and erosion. The ridges in coral reefs can reduce wave energy by up to 97%, providing protection from threats such as tsunamis. Coral reefs also support commercial and recreational fisheries, with more than half of all U.S. fisheries species depending on them.

### Economic Value
The annual value of U.S. commercial and recreational fisheries dependent on coral reefs is estimated to be $100 million. Coral reefs generate billions of dollars and millions of jobs in over 100 countries worldwide. The global value of coral reefs is estimated at $9.6 billion for tourism and recreation, $9.0 billion for coastal protection, $5.7 billion for fisheries, and $5.5 billion for biodiversity.

### Threats and Conservation
Coral reefs face significant threats, including climate change, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. Rising sea temperatures can cause corals to bleach more often, leading to long-term damage or death. Human-caused activities like pollution, unsustainable fishing practices, and global climate change are major threats to coral reefs. It is estimated that over 70% of the world's corals are directly and immediately threatened by local and global pressures.

### Conclusion
Coral reefs are highly diverse and valuable ecosystems that provide numerous benefits to both the environment and human societies. However, they are facing significant threats that require immediate attention and conservation efforts to protect these vital ecosystems for future generations.

## Key Learnings

- Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems characterized by reef-building corals.
- Coral reefs cover only 1% of the ocean floor but support an estimated 25% of all marine life.
- Millions of people and species of wildlife depend on coral reefs for their survival.
- Coral reefs form at depths not exceeding 25 metres and need warm water between 20 to 28 degrees Celsius.
- A coral reef ecosystem refers to the range of organisms living in and around coral reefs.
- Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystem in the world, covering less than 0.1% of the earth’s surface.
- Coral reefs occupy less than 0.1% of the world's ocean area but provide a home for at least 25% of all marine species.
- Coral reefs can be found at depths ranging from just a couple of inches from the surface down to 100 feet (30 meters).
- Coral reefs have been found at depths of up to 150 ft (46m) in some locations, and some reef formations exhibit coral growth beyond 40 m in depth.
- Some coral reef formations exhibit exuberant coral growth that goes beyond 40 meters in depth, with specimens collected at depths of up to 150 ft (46m).
- Coral reefs are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical ocean waters that provide few nutrients.
- Over millions of years, coral reefs can form around a sinking volcano, creating a lagoon and a barrier reef.
- Corals are animals related to sea anemones and sea jellies, with over 2,000 species.
- Corals are not photosynthetic but have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae, which provide them with food generated through photosynthesis.
- Most reef-building corals live in clear, shallow waters where sunlight can penetrate, as photosynthesis requires sunlight.
- Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet.
- The growth of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals is controlled by abiotic and biotic interactions.
- Factors that alter light in the marine environment significantly affect calcification rates and reef development.
- Coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the ocean floor but are home to more than 25% of all marine life.
- Highly biodiverse ecosystems like coral reefs are more resilient to changing conditions and can better withstand significant disturbances.
- Coral reefs provide food for coastal and inland communities and are essential for supporting commercial and recreational fisheries.
- Coral reefs account for nearly one quarter of the total marine biodiversity despite covering only 0.2% of the total seafloor by area.
- Coral reefs are home to more than 25% of marine species and over 4,000 species of fish.
- Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the ocean floor but are among the most biologically diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth.
- Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth.
- Thousands of species of corals have been discovered, and thousands of species rely on reefs for survival.
- Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the ocean floor but are believed to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planet.
- Coral reefs are home to a quarter of all marine life.
- The world has lost half of its coral reefs over the last three decades.
- Climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems, causing mass coral bleaching events and infectious disease outbreaks.
- Marine worms and snails play important roles in the reef ecosystem, including filtering organic matter and grazing on algae.
- Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems, with thousands of species of corals discovered.
- The fore-reef zone has the highest diversity of corals due to light accessibility and less stressful abiotic factors.
- Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature.
- A temperature increase of only one degree Celsius can cause corals to bleach.
- Thermal stress events can greatly affect the growth and survival of coral reefs.
- Coral reefs are a natural habitat for many species and have high economic and touristic significance.
- Rising sea temperatures can cause corals to bleach more often, leading to long-term damage or death.
- Zooxanthellae supply corals with essential nutrients produced by photosynthesis and impart color to the corals.
- A temperature increase of just one degree Celsius for four weeks can trigger coral bleaching.
- A change in water temperature as little as 2 degrees Fahrenheit can cause coral to drive out algae.
- Prolonged elevated temperatures can cause more severe and extreme bleaching that increases coral mortality.
- Coral reefs are found in a wide range of environments and provide food and habitat to a large range of organisms.
- Anthropogenic climate change is causing a steady increase in global average temperatures, leading to more frequent and severe marine heatwaves.
- Coral and the species that depend on it struggle to survive when temperatures are higher than optimal.
- Tropical corals live close to their upper thermal limit, making them vulnerable to unusually warm summer sea temperatures.
- Thermal stress can lead to the breakdown of the coral-algal symbiosis, causing coral bleaching.
- Scleractinian coral reef ecosystems have undergone a decrease in biodiversity and ecological functioning due to various factors including overfishing and pollution.
- The coral reef ecosystem includes a diverse range of organisms such as fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, tunicates, and other cnidarians.
- Gobies are a family of small fish that serve as prey for predators in coral reef ecosystems.
- Even a little coral loss can lead to a decline in the abundance of reef fishes.
- Marine worms, such as polychaetes and flatworms, make their homes in coral reefs and are a valuable part of the ecosystem.
- Tube worms are beneficial to reef ecosystems as they filter-feed on plankton.
- Coral reefs have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planet, providing essential services such as habitat, food, coastal protection, and contributing to the regulation of global climate.
- Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, with thousands of species relying on them for survival.
- The ridges in coral reefs can reduce wave energy by up to 97%, providing crucial protection from threats such as tsunamis.
- Coral reefs support 25% of all marine life.
- Coral reefs cover less than 1% of the ocean floor.
- Coral reefs generate billions of dollars and millions of jobs in over 100 countries.
- Coral reefs serve as a natural barrier against waves, storms, and floods, preventing loss of life, property damage, and erosion.
- Coral reefs provide habitat, feeding, spawning, and nursery grounds for over 1 million aquatic species, including commercially harvested fish species.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for a variety of marine life, including sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, sea urchins, and many species of fish.
- More than 7,000 species of fishes, invertebrates, plants, sea turtles, birds, and marine mammals are supported in coral reef areas.
- Sea sponges play a crucial role in reef health by providing habitat for crustaceans, marine worms, and young fish in their intricate aquiferous canals.
- Coral reefs are home to over 365 species of fish belonging to 61 families in the Gulf of Thailand and around Koh Tao.
- The Whale Shark, the world’s biggest fish, can be found amongst the corals in coral reefs.
- Coral reef fishes are predominantly ray-finned fishes and exhibit a wide range of bright colors and patterns.
- Coral reefs support diverse ecosystems by filtering the water and creating oxygen when they have clean, clear, and cool water.
- Coral reefs serve as a center of activity for marine life, providing shelter, food, reproduction, and rearing grounds for various organisms.
- Sponges are animals that soak up nutrients in seawater and turn them into food for reef organisms.
- Sponges are a significant source of food for several groups of fish and some turtles, including angelfish and hawksbill sea turtles.
- With the decline of reef-building corals, sponges have emerged as an important component of changing coral reef ecosystems.
- At least 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, tunicates, and other cnidarians, are found in coral reef areas.
- Thousands of species of corals have been discovered, showcasing the diversity of coral reefs.
- An estimated 25 percent of all marine life depends on coral reefs at some point in their life cycle.
- Over 4,000 species of fish and 1 million aquatic species rely on coral reefs for habitat, feeding, spawning, and nursery grounds.
- Coral reefs provide ecosystem services including protecting coasts from storms and waves, and serving as recyclers by taking in nutrients.
- Coral reefs support 25% of life in the ocean.
- Coral reefs generate billions of dollars and millions of jobs in over 100 countries worldwide.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for a large variety of marine life, including various species of fish, sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, and sea urchins.
- Sediment deposited onto reefs can smother corals and interfere with their ability to feed, grow, and reproduce.
- Coral reefs buffer shorelines against waves, storms, and floods, helping to prevent loss of life, property damage, and erosion.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for a large variety of marine life, including over 400 coral species, 1,500 fish species, and 4,000 mollusc species.
- Healthy coral reefs are essential in supporting commercial and recreational fisheries, with more than half of all U.S. fisheries species depending on them.
- Coral reefs are believed to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planet, occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor.
- Most fishes found on coral reefs are ray-finned fishes.
- Coral reefs are home to millions of species, including thousands of marine creatures like fish.
- An estimated 25 percent of all marine life, including over 4,000 species of fish, are dependent on coral reefs at some point in their life cycle.
- Coral reefs support over 1 million aquatic species, including commercially harvested fish species, and provide habitat, feeding, spawning, and nursery grounds.
- Coral reefs have an estimated global value of £6 trillion each year, contributing to fishing and tourism industries, and providing coastal protection.
- Coral reefs are home to more than 25% of all marine life, despite occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor.
- Coral reefs support jobs and businesses through tourism and recreation, generating billions of dollars for local economies.
- Approximately one billion people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein.
- Coral reefs serve as habitat for many important fish, shellfish, and provide food, shelter, nurseries, and breeding grounds for some fish.
- Healthy coral reefs support commercial and subsistence fisheries, as well as jobs and businesses through tourism and recreation.
- Coral reefs are home to over 600 species of hard corals and 4000-5000 species of reef fishes.
- There are strong mutual dependencies between reef-building corals and reef-inhabiting fishes.
- Coral polyps, the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, can take many forms and produce calcium carbonate for their hard skeleton.
- Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, with thousands of species of corals discovered.
- Dolphins and most whales are carnivorous and rely on fish that live in coral reef habitats for food.
- Thousands of species of corals have been discovered, and reefs support a wide variety of creatures including fish, corals, lobsters, clams, seahorses, sponges, and sea turtles.
- Coral reefs can yield an average of 15 tons of fish and other seafood per square kilometer per year and support 6 million fishers in nearly 100 countries.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for a large variety of marine life, including various species of fish and invertebrates.
- The ridges in coral reefs can reduce wave energy by up to 97%, providing protection from threats such as tsunamis.
- Reef structures act as natural breakwaters, minimizing wave impacts from storms such as cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons.
- Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, with thousands of species of corals discovered.
- More than half of all U.S. fisheries species depend on coral reefs for a portion of their life cycles, making them essential for supporting commercial and recreational fisheries.
- Coral reefs can reduce wave energy by up to 97%, providing crucial protection from threats such as tsunamis.
- More than 70% of the world's corals are directly and immediately threatened by local and global pressures.
- 22 species of coral are now threatened due to human activities such as pollution, unsustainable fishing practices, and global climate change.
- Human-caused activities like pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices are major threats to coral reefs.
- Coral reefs have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which produce carbohydrates for the coral.
- Healthy coral reefs provide food for coastal and inland communities, supporting commercial and recreational fisheries.
- Coral reefs are home to 25% of all marine life and provide food, shelter, and breeding grounds for millions of species.
- Coral reefs cover only 1% of the world’s oceans but provide habitat for at least 25% of the world’s marine life.
- Coral reefs are believed to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planet, even more than a tropical rainforest.
- Coral reefs provide food for coastal and inland communities and act as sites for shelter, reproduction, feeding, and nursery areas for a diversity of marine species.
- Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, hosting thousands of species.
- Coral reefs provide crucial benefits including food, protection, and jobs for millions of people worldwide.
- Coral reefs offer habitat for a wide variety of marine life, including fish, sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, and sea urchins.
- Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, supporting thousands of species.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for a large variety of marine life, including sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, sea urchins, and many species of fish.
- Coral reefs provide an important ecosystem for life underwater and protect coastal areas.
- Over half a billion people depend on reefs for food, income, and protection.
- Coral reefs protect shorelines by reducing the impact from waves, storms, and floods.
- Approximately 25 percent of all marine life depends on coral reefs at some point in their life cycle.
- Coral reefs support over 4,000 species of fish and occupy less than one percent of the ocean floor.
- The annual value of U.S. commercial and recreational fisheries dependent on coral reefs is estimated to be $100 million.
- Coral reefs provide a buffer, protecting coasts from waves, storms, and floods.
- Coral reefs can reduce wave energy by 97% and serve as a natural flood defense along nearly 45,000 miles of coastline worldwide.
- Nearly 200 million people depend on coral reefs to protect them from storm surges and waves.
- Coral reefs provide a buffer protecting coasts from waves, storms, and floods.
- Coral reefs reduce wave energy by 97% and serve as a natural flood defense along nearly 45,000 miles of coastline worldwide.
- Reef crests alone dissipate most of the wave energy, approximately 86%.
- Coral reefs offer protection to up to 5.3 million people and $109 billion in GDP per decade.
- Nearshore fringing reefs, in areas of high reef density, are key to protection against erosion and flooding hazards.
- Coral reef fisheries are worth $6.8 billion globally and over $100 million per year in the United States.
- Coral reefs provide crucial protection from threats such as tsunamis by reducing wave energy by up to 97%.
- The biodiversity of coral reefs supports a $143 billion global fisheries trade industry and includes species like groupers, lobsters, and snappers.
- The average economic productivity of coral reefs is estimated at US$112,000 per square kilometer.
- The commercial value of U.S. fisheries from coral reefs is over $100 million.
- The global value of coral reefs is estimated at $9.6 billion for tourism and recreation, $9.0 billion for coastal protection, $5.7 billion for fisheries, and $5.5 billion for biodiversity.
- Thousands of species rely on coral reefs for survival, and millions of people depend on them for food, protection, and jobs.
- The Indo-Pacific region has an estimated 4,000-5,000 species of fishes associated with coral reef habitats.
- Many commercially important fish species, like grouper, snapper, and lobster, depend on coral reefs for food.
- Coral reefs serve as a center of activity for marine life, providing shelter, food, and breeding grounds.
- Coral reefs protect shorelines by reducing the impact from waves, storms, and floods, preventing loss of life, property damage, and erosion.
- Coral reefs have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planet, occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor.
- Coral reefs provide an important ecosystem for life underwater and protect coastal areas by reducing wave power.
- Thousands of species can be found living on one coral reef, making them some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world.
- Coral reefs are a crucial source of income for millions of people and provide habitat for a large variety of marine life, including fish, sponges, and crustaceans.
- Coral reefs are home to an estimated 25 percent of all marine life.
- Over 4,000 species of fish are dependent on coral reefs at some point in their life cycle.
- The Northwest Hawaiian Island coral reefs support more than 7,000 species of fishes, invertebrates, plants, sea turtles, and other organisms.
- Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor.
- The world’s coral reefs cover approximately 348,000 square kilometres of the planet.
- Coral reefs support a high level of biodiversity, potentially the highest of any ecosystem on the planet.
- Coral reefs support an estimated high percentage of marine life, with approximately 25% of marine species depending on them.
- Over 4,000 different species of fish rely on coral reefs for food and shelter.
- Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world.
- Thousands of species rely on reefs for survival, and millions of people depend on coral reefs for food, protection, and jobs.
- Coral polyps can take many forms, including large reef-building colonies, and thousands of species of corals have been discovered.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for at least 25% of the world's marine life, despite covering only 1% of the world's oceans.
- Healthy coral reefs provide food for coastal and inland communities, supporting approximately one billion people living in coastal regions.
- Coral reefs provide ecosystem services worth $11 trillion dollars annually through protecting coasts, sustaining fisheries, generating tourism, and creating jobs.
- Coral reefs support an estimated 25% of all marine life in the ocean.
- A previously unaccounted area of coral cover, similar in size to Ireland (64,000 square kilometers), has been revealed through satellite images.
- A highly biodiverse ecosystem like coral reefs is more resilient to changing conditions and can better withstand significant disturbances.
- More than half of all U.S. fisheries species depend on coral reefs for a portion of their life cycles.
- Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, with thousands of species relying on them for survival.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for a diverse range of species including various sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, sea urchins, and many species of fish.
- Coral reefs have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in their tissues and produce carbohydrates.
- Healthy coral reefs provide food for coastal and inland communities.
- Coral reefs provide ecosystem services worth $11 trillion dollars annually.
- Approximately one billion people, or 13% of the global population, live in coastal regions near coral reefs.
- Coral reefs provide various ecosystem services including coastal protection, water purification, recreation, and tourism.
- These ecosystems contribute to people's identity, lifestyle, and social norms, and offer a source of food and livelihood.
- Coral reefs help protect coastal communities and their economies naturally, and also play a role in building beaches through the breakdown of coral skeletons.
- Coral reefs provide habitat for at least 25% of the world’s marine life, despite covering only 1% of the world’s oceans.
- Coral reefs provide ecosystem services worth $11 trillion dollars annually, including protecting coasts, sustaining fisheries, generating tourism, and creating jobs.
- Coral reefs support biodiversity and livelihoods, and help communities adapt to a changing climate, with many species still to be discovered.
- Coral reefs provide ecosystem services including nutrition, economic security, and protection from natural disasters.
- Coral reefs offer various benefits to people, such as recreation, resource extraction, inspirational, and educational opportunities.
- Coral reefs underpin a range of ecosystem goods and services that contribute to the well-being of millions of people.
- Coral reefs protect shorelines by reducing the impact from waves, storms, and floods, thereby preventing loss of life, property damage, and erosion.
- Coral reefs support an estimated 25% of all marine life.
- Coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae called zooxanthellae, which provide food through photosynthesis.
- The world's coral reefs cover approximately 348,000 square kilometres of the Earth's oceans.
- Coral reefs represent about 0.1% of the Earth's oceans and less than one percent of the ocean floor.
- Only about 20% of the entire seabed is mapped, according to UNESCO scientists.

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